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..Japanese Grammar Quick Reference
Choice of Conditionals
条件表現の選択
1. Index
Let's compare the uses of the following conditionals:
Choose the appropriate form(s) in each {bracket} in the following
questions, and then read the explanation. (○ means "correct";
× means "incorrect")
2. One-by-one comparisons of conditionals
2-1. たら/だら vs. ば
- Single factual past event
ケネディ(J. F. Kennedy)が1963年に{しんだら/しねば}、ジョンソン(L. Johnson)がアメリカ大統領
(だいとうりょう = President)になった。
Hint: J. F. Kennedy died in 1963.
Answer:
○「しんだら」; × 「しねば」
「しねば」is wrong, because we
all know that J. F. Kennedy indeed died in 1963, which factual
event by definition cannot be hypothesized.
("*If/Suppose Kennedy died in 1963...".)
- c.f., Repeated events
アメリカでは大統領が{しんだら/しねば}、いつも副大統領 (ふくだいとうりょう = Vice President)が大統領になった。
Hint: Several US Vice-Presidents took over the position of the
deceased Presidents, according to what the U.S. Constitution
prescribes.
Answer:
Both conditionals are all OK. This sentence is about historically
repeated events (i.e., a president's death), which can be generalized
in terms of condition (hypothesis) - consequence.
2-2. たら/だら vs. と
- S2=Request/suggestion, when
S1 is not an action.
セーターが{安かったら/安いと}買ってきてください。
Answer:
○「安かったら」; × 「安いと」
「安いと」is a wrong use, because
the consequence of 〜とconditional, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot express
the speaker's intent, wish, request, etc.
- Counterfactual supposition
もしコロンブス(C. Columbus)が1492年にオーストラリアに{来ていたら/来ていると} 、今ごろオーストラリアにはスペイン人がもっとたくさんいるだろう。
Hint: C. Columbus did not come to Australia in 1492 (or any other
year).
Answer:
○「来ていたら」; × 「来ていると」
「来ていると」 is wrong, because
〜と, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot provide an
ontensibly counterfactual hypothesis.
("*Upon Columbus' arrival in Australia in 1492...".)
2-3. たら/だら vs. なら
- The S2 (consequence) is realized before S1 (condition).
日本の大学に{行ったら/行くなら}、その前にすいせんじょう(recommendation)がいります。
Answer:
○「行くなら」; × 「行ったら」
In 「S1なら、S2」, S1 can take place after S2 (S2→S1), whereas in 「S1たら、S2」the events must take
place in the S1→S2 order.
- Something that cannot be untrue
月曜日に{なったら/なるなら}授業が始まる。
Answer:
○「なったら」; × 「なるなら」
「なるなら」 is wrong, because 〜なら,
which emphasizes that the condition is an uncertain
supposition, cannot be used when the condition will
never fail to come true.
( "*Suppose Monday comes...")
- Single factual past event
ケネディ(J. F. Kennedy)が1963年に{しんだら/しんだなら}、ジョンソン(L. Johnson)がアメリカ大統領
(だいとうりょう = President)になった。
Hint: J. F. Kennedy died in 1963.
Answer:
○「しんだら」; × 「しんだなら」
「しんだなら」is wrong, because
we all know that J. F. Kennedy indeed died in 1963, which factual
event by definition cannot be hypothesized.
("*If/Suppose Kennedy died in 1963...".)
- c.f., Repeated events
アメリカでは大統領が{しんだら/しんだなら}、いつも副大統領 (ふくだいとうりょう = Vice President)が大統領になった。
Hint: Several US Vice-Presidents took over the position of the
deceased Presidents, according to what the U.S. Constitution
prescribes.
Answer:
Both conditionals are OK. This sentence is about historically
repeated events (i.e., a president's death), which can be generalized
in terms of condition (hypothesis) - consequence.
2-4. ば vs. と
- S2=Request/suggestion, when
S1 is not an action.
セーターが{安ければ/安いと}買ってきてください。
Answer:
○「安ければ」; × 「安いと」
「安いと」is a wrong use, because
the consequence of 〜とconditional, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot express
the speaker's intent, wish, request, etc.
- Counterfactual supposition
もしコロンブス(C. Columbus)が1492年にオーストラリアに{来ていれば/来ていると} 、今ごろオーストラリアにはスペイン人がもっとたくさんいるだろう。
Hint: C. Columbus did not come to Australia in 1492 (or any other
year).
Answer:
○「来ていれば」; × 「来ていると」
「来ていると」 is wrong, because
〜と, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot provide an
ontensibly counterfactual hypothesis.
("*Upon Columbus' arrival in Australia in 1492...".)
- Single factual past event
ケネディ(J. F. Kennedy)が1963年に{しねば/しぬと}、ジョンソン(L. Johnson)がアメリカ大統領
(だいとうりょう = President)になった。
Hint: J. F. Kennedy died in 1963.
Answer:
○「しねば」; × 「しぬと」
「しねば」is wrong, because we
all know that J. F. Kennedy indeed died in 1963, which factual
event by definition cannot be hypothesized.
("*If/Suppose Kennedy died in 1963...".)
- c.f., Repeated events
アメリカでは大統領が{しねば/しぬと}、いつも副大統領 (ふくだいとうりょう = Vice President)が大統領になった。
Hint: Several US Vice-Presidents took over the position of the
deceased Presidents, according to what the U.S. Constitution
prescribes.
Answer:
Both conditionals are OK. This sentence is about historically
repeated events (i.e., a president's death), which can be generalized
in terms of condition (hypothesis) - consequence.
2-5. ば vs.なら
- The S2 (consequence) is realized before S1 (condition).
日本の大学に{行けば/行くなら}、その前にすいせんじょう(recommendation)がいります。
Answer:
○「行くなら」; × 「行けば」
In 「S1なら、S2」, S1 can take place after S2,
whereas in 「S1ば、S2」the
events must take place in the S1→S2 order.
- Something that cannot be untrue
月曜日に{なれば/なるなら}授業が始まる。
Answer:
○「なれば」; × 「なるなら」
「なるなら」 is wrong, because 〜なら,
which emphasizes that the condition is an uncertain
supposition, cannot be used when the condition will
never fail to come true.
( "*Suppose Monday comes...")
2-6. と vs. なら
- The S2 (consequence) is realized before S1 (condition).
日本の大学に{行くと/行くなら}、その前にすいせんじょう(recommendation)がいります。
Answer:
○「行くなら」; × 「行くと」
In 「S1なら、S2」, S1 can take place after S2,
whereas in 「S1と、S2」the
events must take place in the S1→S2 order.
- S2=Request/suggestion, when
S1 is not an action.
セーターが{安いと/安いなら}買ってきてください。
Answer:
○「安いなら」; × 「安いと」
「安いと」is a wrong use, because
the consequence of 〜とconditional, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot express
the speaker's intent, wish, request, etc.
- Something that cannot be untrue
月曜日に{なると/なるなら}授業が始まる。
Answer:
○「なると」; × 「なるなら」
「なるなら」 is wrong, because 〜なら,
which emphasizes that the condition is an uncertain
supposition, cannot be used when the condition will
never fail to come true.
( "*Suppose Monday comes...")
- Single factual past event
ケネディ(J. F. Kennedy)が1963年に{しぬと/しんだなら}、ジョンソン(L. Johnson)がアメリカ大統領
(だいとうりょう = President)になった。
Hint: J. F. Kennedy died in 1963.
Answer:
○「しぬと」; × 「しんだなら」
「しんだなら」is wrong, because
we all know that J. F. Kennedy indeed died in 1963, which by
definition cannot be hypothesized.
("*If/Suppose Kennedy died in 1963...".)
- c.f., Repeated events
アメリカでは大統領が{しぬと/しんだなら}、いつも副大統領 (ふくだいとうりょう = Vice President)が大統領になった。
Hint: Several US Vice-Presidents took over the position of the
deceased Presidents, according to what the U.S. Constitution
prescribes.
Answer:
Both conditionals are OK. This sentence is about historically
repeated events (i.e., a president's death), which can be generalized
in terms of condition (hypothesis) - consequence.
- Counterfactual supposition
もしコロンブス(C. Columbus)が1492年にオーストラリアに{来ていると/来ていたなら} 、今ごろオーストラリアにはスペイン人がもっとたくさんいるだろう。
Hint: C. Columbus did not come to Australia in 1492 (or any other
year).
Answer:
○「来ていたなら」; × 「来ていると」
「来ていると」 is wrong, because
〜と, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot provide an
ontensibly counterfactual hypothesis.
("*Upon Columbus' arrival in Australia in 1492...".)
3. Summative comparison
たら/だら vs. ば vs. と vs. なら
Choose the appropriate conditional(s) in each sentence.
- S2=Request/suggestion, when
S1 is not an action.
セーターが{安かったら/安ければ/安いと/安いなら}、買ってきてください。
Answer:
「安かったら」,「安ければ」and「安いなら」are OK.
「安いと」is a wrong use, because
the consequence of 〜とconditional, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot express
the speaker's intent, wish, request, etc.
- S2=Request/suggestion, when S1 is an action.
山本さんがパーティーに{来たら/来れば/来ると/来るなら}、おしえてください。
Answer:
○「来たら」、○「来れば」、×「来ると」、○「来るなら」
「来ると」is a wrong use, because
the consequence of 〜とconditional, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot express
the speaker's intent, wish, request, etc.
- Single factual past event
ケネディ(J. F. Kennedy)が1963年に{しんだら/しねば/しぬと/しんだなら}、ジョンソン(L. Johnson)がアメリカ大統領
(だいとうりょう = President)になった。
Hint: J. F. Kennedy died in 1963.
Answer:
「しんだら」and 「しぬと」are
OK;
「しねば」and 「しんだなら」are
wrong, because we all know that J. F. Kennedy indeed died in
1963, which factual event by definition cannot be hypothesized.
("*If/Suppose Kennedy died in 1963...".)
- c.f., Repeated events
アメリカでは大統領が{しんだら/しねば/しぬと/しんだなら}、いつも副大統領 (ふくだいとうりょう = Vice President)が大統領になった。
Hint: Several US Vice-Presidents took over the position of the
deceased Presidents, according to what the U.S. Constitution
prescribes.
Answer:
These four conditionals are all OK. This sentence is about historically
repeated events (i.e., a president's death), which can be generalized
in terms of condition (hypothesis) - consequence.
- Counterfactual supposition
もしコロンブス(C. Columbus)が1492年にオーストラリアに{来ていたら/来ていれば/来ていると/来ていたなら}
、今ごろオーストラリアにはスペイン人がもっとたくさんいるだろう。
Hint: C. Columbus did not come to Australia in 1492 (or any other
year).
Answer:
「来ていたら」,「来ていれば」and「来ていたなら」are OK.
「来ていると」 is wrong, because
〜と, which emphasizes an automatic process, cannot provide an
ontensibly counterfactual hypothesis.
("*Upon Columbus' arrival in Australia in 1492...".)
- Future
クリントンが今年{しんだら/しねば/しぬと/しぬなら}、ゴアが大統領になるはずだ。
Answer:
These four conditionals are all OK, but nuances are slightly
different. (しぬと
might suggest that Clinton's death is anticipated.)
- Something that cannot be untrue
月曜日に{なったら/なれば/なると/なるなら}、授業が始まる。
Answer:
「なったら」, 「なれば」and「なると」are OK.
「なるなら」 is wrong, because 〜なら,
which emphasizes that the condition is an uncertain
supposition, cannot be used when the condition will
never fail to come true.
( "*Suppose Monday comes...")
- The S2 (consequence) is realized before S1 (condition).
日本の大学に{行ったら/行けば/行くと/行くなら}、その前にすいせんじょう(recommendation)がいります。
Answer:
「行くなら」 is the only possible
answer;
others (「行ったら」「行けば」「行くと」) are all wrong.
In 「S1なら、S2」, S1 can take place after S2,
whereas in all other conditionals (「S1たら/ば/と、S2」) the events must take place in the S1→S2 order.
Related expression(s):
Last
updated on 2000/01/02 (Y/M/D)
Copyright SASAKI, Y.
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